
Net fiscal position by ethnic group, 2023/24
White households are the only group that are net fiscal contributors (−£1,444); all other ethnic groups are net recipients, ranging from +£4,135 (Asian) to +£5,545 (Mixed). Reflects age structure as much as income.
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Net Fiscal Position by Ethnic Group
Visual explainer of net fiscal position by ethnic group using ONS taxes-and-benefits data for 2023/24.

Electricity production by source, United Kingdom
Long-run view of UK electricity generation by source, showing the collapse of coal, the rise of gas, and the later expansion of wind and other renewables.

How Taxes and Benefits Narrow the Income Gap Between Ethnic Groups
Visual explainer of how taxes and benefits compress post-tax and final-income gaps between ethnic groups, using ONS household income data for 2023/24.