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21 infographics shown
Visual explainer of net fiscal position by ethnic group using ONS taxes-and-benefits data for 2023/24.
Long-run view of UK electricity generation by source, showing the collapse of coal, the rise of gas, and the later expansion of wind and other renewables.
Visual explainer of how taxes and benefits compress post-tax and final-income gaps between ethnic groups, using ONS household income data for 2023/24.
Neighbourhood-level map of Leicester showing the local distribution of the White British population share in the 2021 Census.
Neighbourhood-level map of Leicester showing the local distribution of the Indian population share in the 2021 Census.
Line chart of pupil ethnicity in Birmingham schools showing the White British share falling toward parity with Pakistani pupils, while the Black African share rises steadily across the period.
Pie chart showing the 2024/25 ethnic composition of pupils in Birmingham schools, with Asian pupils the largest group at 39.1% and White pupils at 29.5%.
Breakdown of direct taxes, indirect taxes, cash benefits, and benefits in kind by ethnic group, showing the net effect on final household income in 2023/24.
Chart of net migration by nationality showing the post-2021 rise in non-EU migration and the changing contribution of EU and British flows.
England's population grew 6.6% between 2011 and 2021, but infrastructure has not kept pace. GP premises grew 4.0%, secondary schools 4.9%, while electricity generation capacity fell 14.2%.
Net migration (blue bars) has driven population growth well above the rate of new dwelling construction (red line) since the mid-2000s.
Of 3.4 million homes needed over the decade, only 2.1 million were built — leaving 1.3 million in unmet demand, predominantly driven by net migration.
Proportion of household reference persons in social housing by country of birth. Somali-born residents have the highest rate (~75%), followed by Other Africa and Jamaica at ~55–60%; the UK-born rate is around 25%.
The share of new social housing lets to non-UK nationals has risen from ~6% to over 10.5% across the series, with a temporary dip during COVID in 2020/21.
EEA immigrants were consistently net contributors (ratio above 1.0) across the series, while non-EEA immigrants and UK natives were generally net recipients.
High-wage migrants contribute over £1 million net across their lifetime; average-wage migrants are also net positive; low-wage migrants and representative UK residents are net fiscal costs.
Employment rate by country of birth. New Zealand, Poland, Lithuania and Australia-born residents have the highest rates (~85–90%); Somalia, Bangladesh, and Iraq-born residents the lowest (~25–35%). UK-born sits around the middle.
Academic studies on the fiscal impact of immigration vary by methodology, time period, and whether recent or all migrants are included. EEA migrants are generally found to be net positive; non-EEA results are mixed.
Income tax and National Insurance contributions per head by nationality. US, Australian and Canadian nationals pay the most (~£18,000–£25,000/head); Eastern European and South Asian nationals pay less, reflecting wage differences.
White households are the only group that are net fiscal contributors (−£1,444); all other ethnic groups are net recipients, ranging from +£4,135 (Asian) to +£5,545 (Mixed). Reflects age structure as much as income.
Employment-rate comparison by religion for people aged 16 to 64 in the 2021 Census, showing lower employment for Muslims than for Christians, those with no religion, or other religions.