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40 infographics shown
Visual explainer of net fiscal position by ethnic group using ONS taxes-and-benefits data for 2023/24.
Long-run view of UK electricity generation by source, showing the collapse of coal, the rise of gas, and the later expansion of wind and other renewables.
Visual explainer of how taxes and benefits compress post-tax and final-income gaps between ethnic groups, using ONS household income data for 2023/24.
Neighbourhood-level map of Leicester showing the local distribution of the White British population share in the 2021 Census.
Neighbourhood-level map of Leicester showing the local distribution of the Indian population share in the 2021 Census.
Line chart of pupil ethnicity in Birmingham schools showing the White British share falling toward parity with Pakistani pupils, while the Black African share rises steadily across the period.
Pie chart showing the 2024/25 ethnic composition of pupils in Birmingham schools, with Asian pupils the largest group at 39.1% and White pupils at 29.5%.
Simulated-jury research finding that guilty-vote rates vary by the racial pairing of juror and defendant: Non-White jurors voted guilty far more often against a White defendant (73% vs 39% for White jurors), while against a Non-White defendant the pattern reversed (24% vs 32%).
Age-by-age breakdown of Birmingham’s ethnic composition, showing a young, diverse population: White British are a minority among children and working-age adults but the dominant group among the elderly, while Asian, Black, Mixed, and Other groups are concentrated in the younger cohorts.
Breakdown of direct taxes, indirect taxes, cash benefits, and benefits in kind by ethnic group, showing the net effect on final household income in 2023/24.
Chart of net migration by nationality showing the post-2021 rise in non-EU migration and the changing contribution of EU and British flows.
England's population grew 6.6% between 2011 and 2021, but infrastructure has not kept pace. GP premises grew 4.0%, secondary schools 4.9%, while electricity generation capacity fell 14.2%.
Net migration (blue bars) has driven population growth well above the rate of new dwelling construction (red line) since the mid-2000s.
Of 3.4 million homes needed over the decade, only 2.1 million were built — leaving 1.3 million in unmet demand, predominantly driven by net migration.
Proportion of household reference persons in social housing by country of birth. Somali-born residents have the highest rate (~75%), followed by Other Africa and Jamaica at ~55–60%; the UK-born rate is around 25%.
The share of new social housing lets to non-UK nationals has risen from ~6% to over 10.5% across the series, with a temporary dip during COVID in 2020/21.
EEA immigrants were consistently net contributors (ratio above 1.0) across the series, while non-EEA immigrants and UK natives were generally net recipients.
High-wage migrants contribute over £1 million net across their lifetime; average-wage migrants are also net positive; low-wage migrants and representative UK residents are net fiscal costs.
Employment rate by country of birth. New Zealand, Poland, Lithuania and Australia-born residents have the highest rates (~85–90%); Somalia, Bangladesh, and Iraq-born residents the lowest (~25–35%). UK-born sits around the middle.
Academic studies on the fiscal impact of immigration vary by methodology, time period, and whether recent or all migrants are included. EEA migrants are generally found to be net positive; non-EEA results are mixed.
Income tax and National Insurance contributions per head by nationality. US, Australian and Canadian nationals pay the most (~£18,000–£25,000/head); Eastern European and South Asian nationals pay less, reflecting wage differences.
White households are the only group that are net fiscal contributors (−£1,444); all other ethnic groups are net recipients, ranging from +£4,135 (Asian) to +£5,545 (Mixed). Reflects age structure as much as income.
FYE 2019 comparison of net fiscal position by ethnic group, useful alongside the later 2023/24 version to frame the COVID-19 period and record net migration from 2021 to 2024.
Employment-rate comparison by religion for people aged 16 to 64 in the 2021 Census, showing lower employment for Muslims than for Christians, those with no religion, or other religions.
The ten constituencies with the highest total benefits payments as of March 2026, alongside Census 2021 White, Muslim and Black population shares. Tottenham tops the list at £624.9m, followed by Brent East (£605.9m) and Birmingham Ladywood (£590.7m).
The NHS waiting list in England was 7.37 million in August 2026, up from 3.06 million in March 2008, according to NHS England referral-to-treatment statistics.
Cleveland had the highest recorded crime rate of any police force area in England and Wales in the year ending December 2025, leaving out the City of London: 119.0 crimes per 1,000 people excluding fraud, against 84.8 for England and Wales as a whole, according to the ONS. The next highest were West Yorkshire (110.0) and Greater Manchester (103.9).
The State Pension rose 4.8% in April 2026 under the triple lock, taking the full new State Pension to £241.30 a week, according to the DWP. From 2011/12 to 2026/27, earnings growth set the rise in 6 years, CPI inflation in 5 and the 2.5% floor in 4.
UK GDP per hour worked was $85.56 in 2025, in US dollars at current purchasing power parities, below the United States ($104.74), Germany ($102.69) and France ($96.05) and above Italy, Canada and Japan, according to the OECD.
17,276 people on asylum support in the UK were housed in contingency accommodation on 30 June 2026, 16,021 of them in hotels, down from a peak of 58,469 on 30 September 2023, according to Home Office immigration statistics (table Asy_D09).
UK aid (official development assistance) was 0.50% of gross national income in 2024, below the 0.7% target it met every year from 2013 to 2020, according to FCDO Statistics on International Development. In cash terms it was £14.1 billion.
UK government debt was 96.0% of GDP in 2025/26, up from 37.0% in 2007/08, before the financial crisis, according to OBR public finances data.
Income inequality in the UK was 32.9% in the financial year ending 2024, measured by the Gini coefficient of household disposable income, down from 33.1% a year earlier and a peak of 38.6% in 2008, according to the ONS (Household income inequality, UK: financial year ending 2024, published 2 May 2025).
UK 15-year-olds scored 489 in maths, 494 in reading and 500 in science in PISA 2022, above the OECD averages of 472, 476 and 485, according to the OECD.
155 women and girls were victims of homicide in England and Wales in the year ending March 2025, and 54 of them were killed by a partner or ex-partner, according to the ONS (Home Office Homicide Index).
Albanian nationals were the largest foreign group in prisons in England and Wales on 30 June 2026, with 943 prisoners, followed by Irish (684), Polish (621) and Romanian (621) nationals. Foreign nationals made up 10,134 of 85,858 prisoners (11.8%), according to Ministry of Justice offender management statistics.
Hackney had the highest estimated benefit spending per resident of any local authority in England and Wales in 2025/26, at £4,223, against £2,254 across all 316 local authorities, according to TaxPayers' Alliance estimates from DWP data.
Labour won 411 of 650 seats (63.2%) at the 2024 general election on 33.7% of the vote, while Reform UK won 5 seats (0.8%) on 14.3%, according to House of Commons Library results.
Oil was the largest source of the world's primary energy in 2024, at 55,292 TWh, followed by coal (45,851 TWh) and natural gas (41,278 TWh), according to the Energy Institute's Statistical Review of World Energy.
India received the most money sent home from the UK by migrants in 2021, an estimated £4.46bn, followed by Pakistan (£2.94bn) and Nigeria (£2.76bn), according to World Bank and KNOMAD bilateral remittance estimates.