Infographic

Population growth and capital stock, 2011–2021

England's population grew 6.6% between 2011 and 2021, but infrastructure has not kept pace. GP premises grew 4.0%, secondary schools 4.9%, while electricity generation capacity fell 14.2%.

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Housing

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HousingHousingInfrastructure

SourceCentre for Policy Studies, How Many Homes Does the UK Need? (2025)

PeriodEngland, 2011–2021

Bar chart from CPS comparing England's 6.6% population growth against capital-stock change between 2011 and 2021 — GP premises +4.0%, secondary schools +4.9%, electricity generation capacity −14.2%.

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Chart from CPS showing change in population (driven by net migration) versus number of dwellings in England as a five-year moving average. Net migration bars exceed dwelling completions from the mid-2000s onward.

HousingHousingMigration

Population vs dwellings, five-year moving average

Net migration (blue bars) has driven population growth well above the rate of new dwelling construction (red line) since the mid-2000s.

Chart from CPS showing actual versus required growth in the housing stock in England between April 2013 and March 2023. Of 3.4 million homes needed, only 2.1 million were built — leaving 1.3 million in unmet demand.

HousingHousingMigration

Actual vs required housing stock growth, 2013–2023

Of 3.4 million homes needed over the decade, only 2.1 million were built — leaving 1.3 million in unmet demand, predominantly driven by net migration.