
Income tax and NICs by nationality, 2019–20
Income tax and National Insurance contributions per head by nationality. US, Australian and Canadian nationals pay the most (~£18,000–£25,000/head); Eastern European and South Asian nationals pay less, reflecting wage differences.
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Net Fiscal Position by Ethnic Group
Visual explainer of net fiscal position by ethnic group using ONS taxes-and-benefits data for 2023/24.

Electricity production by source, United Kingdom
Long-run view of UK electricity generation by source, showing the collapse of coal, the rise of gas, and the later expansion of wind and other renewables.

How Taxes and Benefits Narrow the Income Gap Between Ethnic Groups
Visual explainer of how taxes and benefits compress post-tax and final-income gaps between ethnic groups, using ONS household income data for 2023/24.