Foreign national prisoners by nationality
Albanian nationals were the largest foreign group in prisons in England and Wales on 30 June 2026, with 943 prisoners, followed by Irish (684), Polish (621) and Romanian (621) nationals. Foreign nationals made up 10,134 of 85,858 prisoners (11.8%), according to Ministry of Justice offender management statistics.
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How Taxes and Benefits Narrow the Income Gap Between Ethnic Groups
Visual explainer of how taxes and benefits compress post-tax and final-income gaps between ethnic groups, using ONS household income data for 2023/24.

Juror Guilty Votes by Defendant and Juror Race (United Kingdom)
Simulated-jury research finding that guilty-vote rates vary by the racial pairing of juror and defendant: Non-White jurors voted guilty far more often against a White defendant (73% vs 39% for White jurors), while against a Non-White defendant the pattern reversed (24% vs 32%).

How Taxes and Benefits Combine by Ethnic Group
Breakdown of direct taxes, indirect taxes, cash benefits, and benefits in kind by ethnic group, showing the net effect on final household income in 2023/24.